http://www.linux-vserver.org/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=Yang&feedformat=atomLinux-VServer - User contributions [en]2024-03-28T18:23:50ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.20.2http://www.linux-vserver.org/util-vserver:Cgroupsutil-vserver:Cgroups2012-07-06T13:16:28Z<p>Yang: /* Prerequisites */ additional flag required</p>
<hr />
<div>Bears run away when you yell at them, even <tt>lynx</tt>es.<br />
<br />
== Kernel configuration ==<br />
<br />
When configuring your kernel for cgroups with util-vserver you must make sure <tt>CONFIG_CGROUP_NS</tt> ('''CGroup Namespaces''') is unset with util-vserver version lower than 0.30.216-pre2882.<br />
<br />
'''CGroup Namespaces''' are a different approach to namespaces than that used by Linux vServer, and are not currently supported.<br />
<br />
== Prerequisites ==<br />
<br />
To use <tt>util-vserver</tt>'s Control Groups (<tt>cgroups</tt>) support, you need to have <tt>/dev/cgroup</tt> mounted.<br />
<br />
Recent versions of <tt>util-vserver</tt> sort this out for you by including the appropriate mount command in the <tt>util-vserver</tt> <tt>init</tt> (ie: runlevel) script included in the <tt>util-vserver</tt> distribution, however this apparently only works for the <tt>sysv</tt> <tt>init</tt> script, and not the Debian or Gentoo ones.<br />
<br />
If you were to mount the <tt>cgroup</tt> Control Groups filesystem manually, you would use something like:<br />
: <tt># mkdir /dev/cgroup<br />
: # mount -t cgroup -o ''<subsystems>'' none /dev/cgroup</tt><br />
<br />
Where <tt>''<subsystems>''</tt> is something like <tt>cpuset,memory</tt>.<br />
<br />
To avoid the need for manual configuration after reboot, on Gentoo you may wish to add the cgroup mount to <tt>/etc/fstab</tt>. For Debian see the live examples section at the bottom of this page.<br />
<pre><br />
none /dev/cgroup cgroup cpu,cpuset,memory 0 2<br />
</pre><br />
<br />
== Draft - Distributing cpu shares with cgroups ==<br />
<br />
From what i gathered in sched-design-CFS.txt [http://people.redhat.com/mingo/cfs-scheduler/sched-design-CFS.txt]<br />
<br />
This is simply done by adjusting the cpu.shares. Just do:<br />
<br />
echo '512' > /dev/cgroup/<guest name>/cpu.shares<br />
<br />
The share you get is equal to the guest's share divided by the sum of the cpu shares of all the guest. So for example :<br />
<br />
<pre><br />
vserver guest 1 => 512 <br />
vserver guest 2 => 512<br />
vserver guest 3 => 2048<br />
vserver guest 4 => 512<br />
</pre><br />
<br />
so you have a total of 3584 cpu shares (2048+512+512+512) , then you get :<br />
<br />
<pre><br />
vserver guest 1 => 512 / 3584 = 14% cpu<br />
vserver guest 2 => 512 / 3584 = 14% cpu<br />
vserver guest 3 => 2048 / 3584 = 57% cpu<br />
vserver guest 4 => 512 / 3584 = 14% cpu<br />
</pre><br />
<br/><br />
<br />
<br />
Note that this is fair scheduling and this will not enfore HARD limit (as far as i know).<br />
<br />
== Making share permanent with util vserver ==<br />
<br />
You must use the "cgroup" directory. You can apply defaults to all vservers or choose different settings for each guest:<br />
<br />
* /etc/vservers/.defaults/cgroup , this directory contains settings applying to all guest when they start<br />
* /etc/vservers/<guestname>/cgroup , this directory contains settings for the guest when it starts.<br />
<br />
<br />
Example :<br />
<br />
<pre><br />
mkdir /etc/vservers/.defaults/cgroup<br />
mkdir /etc/vservers/<guestname>/cgroup<br />
echo '2048' > /etc/vservers/<guestname>/cgroup/cpu.shares<br />
# List of CPUs<br />
echo 1 > /etc/vservers/<guestname>/cgroup/cpuset.cpus<br />
# NUMA nodes<br />
echo 1 > /etc/vservers/<guestname>/cgroup/cpuset.mems<br />
</pre><br />
<br />
Note that /etc/vservers is an example, in my Aqueos install i use /usr/local/etc/vservers but /etc/vservers seems to be the defaults for the classic installs.<br />
<br />
Regards,<br />
Ghislain.<br />
<br />
== cgroup and CFS based CPU hard limiting that replaces sched_hard ==<br />
<br />
===References===<br />
You can find documentation about the CFS hard limiting in <tt>Documentation/scheduler/sched-cfs-hard-limits.txt</tt> inside your kernel source dir.<br />
<br />
===Requirements===<br />
This feature is currently available in <tt>patch-2.6.32.20-vs2.3.0.36.29.6.diff</tt> and is in testing phase as of this patch set so report any bugs to the mailing list.<br />
<br />
To get the hard limit setup on every vServer start you need a recent utils package. It worked for me with: <tt>0.30.216-pre2864</tt>. (Download from [http://people.linux-vserver.org/~dhozac/t/uv-testing/ util-vserver prereleases]) (also see note at top of page regarding CONFIG_CGROUP_NS, which can usually be found by grepping /proc/config.gz or /boot/config-`uname -r`)<br />
<br />
Before trying to setup limits for one guest you should mount the cgroup filesystem:<br />
<br />
[ -d /dev/cgroup ] || mkdir /dev/cgroup<br />
mount -t cgroup -ocpu none /dev/cgroup<br />
<br />
===Configuration===<br />
Example for an upper bound of 2/5th (or 40%) of the all CPU power that a guest/cgroup can use :<br />
<br />
<pre><br />
# time assigned to guest (in microseconds) 200000 = 0,2 sec <br />
echo 200000 > /etc/vservers/<guestname>/cgroup/cpu.cfs_runtime_us<br />
# in each specified period (in microseconds) 500000 = 0,5 sec <br />
echo 500000 > /etc/vservers/<guestname>/cgroup/cpu.cfs_period_us<br />
</pre><br />
<br />
This limit is an hard limit, see it like an upper wall for the resources used by the cgroup.<br />
<br />
If you set both CPU share AND hard limit the system will do fine but hard limits takes priority over CPU share scheduling, so CPU share will do the job but each cgroup will have an upper bound that it cannot cross even if the CPU share you gave it is higher.<br />
<br />
The hard limit feature adds 2 cgroup files for the CFS group scheduler:<br />
* <tt>cfs_runtime_us</tt>: Hard limit for the group in microseconds.<br />
* <tt>cfs_period_us</tt>: Time period in microseconds within which hard limits is enforced.<br />
<br />
== using cgroup to enforce memory limits ==<br />
<br />
in linux-vserver patch version vs2.3.0.36.29 memory limiting by cgroup is introduced. to use it you need to have the following config lines in your kernel build (aditionally to the others mentioned for cgroup cpu limits):<br />
<br />
* CONFIG_RESOURCE_COUNTERS=y<br />
* CONFIG_CGROUP_MEM_RES_CTLR=y<br />
* CONFIG_CGROUP_MEM_RES_CTLR_SWAP=y<br />
<br />
make sure /dev/cgroup is mounted with -o...,memory to be able to use this feature. The following files let you adjust memory limits of a running vserver (create them in /etc/vservers/-vserver-name-<br />
/cgroup/ to make them permanent):<br />
<br />
* memory.memsw.limit_in_bytes the total memory limit (memory+swap) of your cgroup context<br />
* memory.limit_in_bytes the total memory limit<br />
<br />
values are stored in bytes. When writing to those files you can use suffixes: K,M,G.<br />
<br />
Note: cgroup memory limits are to replace rss.soft and rss.hard some time in the future.<br />
<br />
Note: from kernel 3.2.x+ you HAVE to boot with the kernel parameter swapaccount=1 or swap accounting is disabled<br />
<br />
Limiting the memory and not the swap mean as soon as the memory limit is reached the guest will swap until it fills out the swap completly so swap limits are somewhat necessary in preventing runaway process<br />
<br />
When you wish the guests to see only their limited memory pool, be sure to include VIRT_MEM in your cflags config file.<br />
<br />
'''BUG-ALERT: '''If you're getting into trouble (Unable to handle kernel paging request at [..] + trace from Error in dmesg or /var/messages) please use the following experimental patch provided by Bertl: [http://vserver.13thfloor.at/ExperimentalT/delta-memcg-fix04.diff http://vserver.13thfloor.at/ExperimentalT/delta-memcg-fix04.diff]<br />
<br />
For a deeper understanding check out Documentation/cgroups/memory.txt of your kernel source tree.<br />
<br />
= Real world Examples of Scheduling =<br />
<br />
This section is for working and tested examples you have put in place.<br />
<br />
Please add the following information for each example you put here (use <tt>vserver-info</tt>).<br />
* Base kernel version<br />
* vServer version<br />
* Other kernel patches in use (<tt>grsec</tt>, etc.)<br />
* <tt>util-vserver</tt> release<br />
<br />
== Ben's install on Debian Lenny ==<br />
<br />
I used the kernels from [http://repo.psand.net], described at [http://kernels.bristolwireless.net/]. I've done this on a few versions, works for 2.6.31.7 with patch vs2.3.0.36.27 on amd64, also 2.6.31.11 with patch vs2.3.0.36.28. I used the stock Lenny util-vserver, patched as described below. The kernel config is critically important, with specific cgroup options necessary in order to get cgroups working in this way. Check the configs for the [http://repo.psand.net] kernels to see which ones I used.<br />
<br />
==== Getting Lenny Ready ====<br />
<br />
There's a very old version of util-vserver on Lenny, it needs this patch applying before it will set the cgroups properly, it basically only adds one line:<br />
<br />
--- /usr/lib/util-vserver/vserver.suexec.orig 2008-12-12 22:56:25.000000000 -0600<br />
+++ /usr/lib/util-vserver/vserver.suexec 2009-08-20 02:11:42.000000000 -0500<br />
@@ -22,7 +22,8 @@ test -z "$is_stopped" -o "$OPTION_INSECU<br />
exit 1<br />
}<br />
generateOptions "$VSERVER_DIR"<br />
-addtoCPUSET "$VSERVER_DIR"<br />
+addtoCPUSET "$VSERVER_DIR"<br />
+attachToCgroup "$VSERVER_DIR"<br />
<br />
user=$1<br />
shift<br />
<br />
Next I added a correctly mounted cgroup file system on /dev/cgroup/. <br />
<br />
$ mkdir /dev/cgroup<br />
$ mount -t cgroup vserver /dev/cgroup<br />
<br />
For the util-vserver to do the right thing, this directory needed adding too:<br />
<br />
$ mkdir /etc/vservers/.defaults/cgroup<br />
<br />
==== Sharing out the CPU between guest servers ====<br />
<br />
I have a few test guests hanging around that I play with, call onetime, twotime, threetime, fourtime and fivetime. I order to set the shares for each guest I did this:<br />
<br />
mkdir /etc/vservers/fivetime/cgroup/ /etc/vservers/fourtime/cgroup/ /etc/vservers/threetime/cgroup/ /etc/vservers/twotime/cgroup/ /etc/vservers/twotime/cgroup/<br />
echo "512" > /etc/vservers/fivetime/cgroup/cpu.shares<br />
echo "1024" > /etc/vservers/fourtime/cgroup/cpu.shares<br />
echo "1024" > /etc/vservers/threetime/cgroup/cpu.shares<br />
echo "1536" > /etc/vservers/twotime/cgroup/cpu.shares<br />
echo "1024" > /etc/vservers/onetime/cgroup/cpu.shares<br />
<br />
Then started the guests. When the system was loaded (I used one instance of cpuburn on each server - not advised but a useful test) they each should have got the following percentage of CPU.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Guest Name !! cpu.share given !! percentage of cpu<br />
|-<br />
| fivetime || 512 || 10% <br />
|-<br />
| fourtime || 1024 || 20%<br />
|-<br />
| threetime || 1024 || 20%<br />
|-<br />
| twotime || 1536 || 30%<br />
|-<br />
| onetime || 1024 || 20%<br />
|}<br />
<br />
This didn't quite happen, as each process could migrate to other CPUs. When I fixed every guest to use only one of the available CPUs (see below how I did this) the percentage of processing time alloted to each guest were then pretty much exact! Each process was given exactly it's designated percentage of time according to vtop.<br />
<br />
==== Dishing out different processors sets to different guest servers ====<br />
<br />
The "cpuset" for each guest is the subset of CPUs which it is permitted to use. I found out the number of CPUs available on my system by doing this:<br />
<br />
$ cat /dev/cgroup/cpuset.cpus<br />
<br />
This gave me the result 0-1, meaning that the overall set for my cgroups consists of CPUs 0 and 1 (for a quad core system one would expect the result 0-3, or for quad core with HT, 0-7). I stopped my guests, then for each guest specified a cpuset containing only CPU 0 for each of them:<br />
<br />
$ echo "0" > /etc/vservers/onetime/cgroup/cpuset.cpus<br />
$ echo "0" > /etc/vservers/twotime/cgroup/cpuset.cpus<br />
$ echo "0" > /etc/vservers/threetime/cgroup/cpuset.cpus<br />
$ echo "0" > /etc/vservers/fourtime/cgroup/cpuset.cpus<br />
$ echo "0" > /etc/vservers/fivetime/cgroup/cpuset.cpus<br />
<br />
On restarting the guest, I could see (using vtop) that these guest were only using the CPU 0 (the column "Last used cpu (SMP)" needs to be on in vtop in order to see this). This set up isn't particularly useful, but did allow me to check that the cpu.shares I specified for my guest were working as expected.<br />
<br />
==== Doing this to servers live ====<br />
<br />
The parameters in the last two sections can be set when the servers are running. For example to move the guest "threetime" so that it could use both CPUs I did this:<br />
<br />
$ echo "0-1" > /dev/cgroup/threetime/cpuset.cpus<br />
<br />
The processes running on threetime instantly were allocated cycle on both CPUs. Then:<br />
<br />
$ echo "1" > /dev/cgroup/threetime/cpuset.cpus<br />
<br />
Shifts them all to CPU 1. One can change where cycles are allocated with impunity. The same with CPU shares:<br />
<br />
$ echo "4096" > /dev/cgroup/threetime/cpu.shares<br />
<br />
Gave threetime a much bigger slice of the processors when it was under load.<br />
<br />
'''NOTE''': The range "0-1" is not the only way of specifying a set of CPUs, I could have used "0,1". On bigger systems, with say 8 CPUs one could use "0-2,4,5", which would be the same as "0,1,2,4,5" or "0-2,4-5".<br />
<br />
==== Making sure all of this gets set up after a reboot ====<br />
<br />
This process will make sure /dev/cgroup is present at boot and correctly mounted:<br />
<br />
* patch util-vserver (see above)<br />
* mkdir /etc/vservers/.defaults/cgroup<br />
* mkdir /lib/udev/devices/cgroup (this will mean that the /dev/cgroup is created early in the boot process)<br />
* add the following line to /etc/fstab<br />
vserver /dev/cgroup cgroup cpu,cpuset,memory 0 0<br />
<br />
== Ben's install on Debian Squeeze/Sid ==<br />
<br />
These instructions are for Debian's own packages.<br />
<br />
Squeeze ships with the 2.6.32 kernel. Currently the package linux-image-2.6.32-5-vserver-amd64 works well for cgroup scheduling. The following steps are simplest way to set it up:<br />
<br />
* mkdir /etc/vservers/.defaults/cgroup<br />
* mkdir /lib/udev/devices/cgroup (this will mean that the /dev/cgroup is created early in the boot process)<br />
* add the following line to /etc/fstab<br />
vserver /dev/cgroup cgroup cpuset,cpu,cpuacct,devices,freezer,net_cls 0 0<br />
* reboot the server<br />
<br />
Instructions for setting particular parameters are the same as for Lenny. The reason for specifying the cgroup subsystems is that if the namespace subsystem "ns" is included, Linux-Vserver will not work. The /etc/fstab line above mounts /dev/cgroup with all the available subsystems excluding "ns".<br />
<br />
Note that the "memory" cgroup subsystem is omitted as Squeeze has the legacy memory controls through rlimits compiled in. It is possible to add "memory" to the cgroup fstab line and use the cgroup based memory control. Please add any success with this to this page.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Configuration]]</div>Yanghttp://www.linux-vserver.org/VServer_HostingVServer Hosting2009-11-22T07:01:50Z<p>Yang: Vserver.si</p>
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* Linux kernel 2.6<br />
* Intel Xeon platform<br />
* Distributions: Debian, Ubuntu and others<br />
* Unlimited traffic<br />
|-<br />
| Czech Republic<br />
|-<br />
! [http://www.ikse.net Ikse]<br />
| rowspan=2 |<br />
* Ikse provide Virtual Dedicated Server on Debian and Fedora Core, empty, or with a free 'hosting pack'.<br />
* Convert your existing "real Linux server" to Ikse Virtual Dedicated Server is also possible.<br />
|-<br />
| France<br />
|-<br />
! [http://www.odsol.com ODSOL Premium Web Hosting]<br />
| rowspan=2 |<br />
* We specialise in [http://www.odsol.com ecommerce hosting] using virtual private server technology.<br />
* We offer both Linux-vserver [http://www.odsol.com/virtual_private_server/ virtual dedicated server] and Virtuozzo based [http://www.odsol.com/virtual_private_server/ virtual private server], Cpanel and DirectAdmin control panel included.<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! [http://www.ip-cracks.ch ip-cracks GmbH]<br />
| rowspan=2 |<br />
* We offer Linux-VServers in different flavours to our customers. The product range starts with the Sandbox Private for residential customers up to the Sandbox Pro for business customers with high expectations. We have a set of new products in the queue which have a strong focus for the small and medium business companies as for an example a centralised DMS. Many services are based on the Linux-vServer technology.<br />
|-<br />
| Switzerland<br />
|-<br />
! [http://www.acox.de/ ACOX Corporation]<br />
| rowspan=2 |<br />
* ACOX Corporation offers low-cost virtual servers based on the linux-vserver.org project.<br />
|-<br />
| Germany<br />
|-<br />
! [http://www.winprofi.de/ WINPROFI]<br />
| rowspan=2 |<br />
* WINPROFI offers cheap virtual servers situated in Munich, Germany.<br />
|-<br />
| Germany<br />
|-<br />
! [http://www.studio-51.net/ Studio 51]<br />
Internet Solutions<br />
| rowspan=2 |<br />
* Studio 51 offers virtual servers based on the linux-vserver.org project.<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! [http://www.conexim.com.au/ Conexim web hosting]<br />
| rowspan=2 |<br />
* Australian quality hosting company offering general hosting, virtual-servers and dedicated, managed hosting services.<br />
|-<br />
| Australia<br />
|-<br />
! [http://www.liquidweb.com Liquid Web Inc.]<br />
| rowspan=2 |<br />
* Liquid Web uses linux-vserver to offer CPanel based hosting services. <br />
* We service hundreds of clients running linux-vserver in our Datacenter located in Lansing, Michigan (USA.)<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! [http://www.electronicbox.net Electronicbox Communications]<br />
| rowspan=2 |<br />
* We are using Linux-VServer since 2001 and have test it under high load for mission critical services and Linux-VServer was definitively the best software.<br />
* We are providing secure environment with vserver to companies around the world who look for always online servers.<br />
* This is very important for us to have a good software who can process the high load of data we are having daily on the network.<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! [http://www.openhosting.com/ OpenHosting, Inc.]<br />
| rowspan=2 |<br />
* Inexpensive VServer-based Virtual Servers.<br />
* Sponsors of the [http://www.openvps.org/ OpenVPS] project.<br />
* Now using kernel 2.6 and vserver 1.9.x!<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! [http://www.dievo.org/ Digital Evolution] <br />
(wargames.unix.se)<br />
| rowspan=2 |<br />
* Digital Evolution is the largest wargaming-site on the net, content-wise.<br />
* We use vserver for all wargames (more than a dozen right now) and all other services as well.<br />
* The stability, ease of use and performance is unrivaled, migrating our servers to vserver is most definately one of the best decisions we've ever made. It happily serves all people (who, after all, try to break our security) logged in on our shellbased wargames and shells out hunderedes of thousands connections to other services each day.<br />
|-<br />
| Sweden<br />
|-<br />
! [http://www.nine.ch/ Nine Internet Solutions AG]<br />
| rowspan=2 |<br />
* Offering VServers to customers<br />
* We provide [http://nine.ch/vserver/ vServer] with own IP adress. Optionally you can choose between OpenSUSE, Fedora, Ubuntu, Gentoo or CentOS and 32bit. <br />
* On request we install LAMP with Apache, MySQL and PHP as well as ispCP as control panel. <br />
* 70 Dual-Xeon machines with several GB RAM running with Debian Lenny 64bit and linux-vserver-kernel.<br />
* We use VServer as an alternative between the shared webhosting and (managed) dedicated server.<br />
|-<br />
| Switzerland<br />
|-<br />
! [http://vps.at clusterhosting mit system]<br />
| rowspan=2 |<br />
* highavailable vps-servers on cluster<br />
* linux solutions - system, analyse & programming<br />
* docu & infos: http://vps.at<br />
* running 3 machines ( Poweredge 4x400 / 4 gb Ram )<br />
* #-> Linux pe-6300-3 2.6.18-1.2849.fc6.vs2.0.2.1 SMP<br />
|-<br />
| Austria<br />
|-<br />
! [http://AcornHosting.net Acorn Hosting]<br />
| rowspan=2 |<br />
* Running 6 machines (Mostly P4 2GHz) with vservers, various kernel versions. Since Jul '02.<br />
* Customers love vservers because they can run any software version in them, instead of getting stuck with mychoices.<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! [http://www.tu-braunschweig.de/rz/services/sys/divdienst/vserver TU Braunschweig]<br />
Rechenzentrum <br />
| rowspan=2 |<br />
* Running two machines, mainly webserver for customers from inside the university.<br />
* One additional machine for a number of services i refuse to run on standalone machines because it is wasted cpu-power.<br />
* One machine for various tests and future developements.<br />
|-<br />
| Germany<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! [http://www.lunarix.de LUNARIX]<br />
| rowspan=2 |<br />
* LUNARIX offers high quality hosting, including:<br />
* Colocation, Dedicated Server, Tower Housing, 19" Housing, Webhosting, vServer, Webspace, Gameserver, Domains.<br />
* We also setup / implement HA (high availability) cluster and load-balacing solutions.<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! [http://www.wwip.de W)W)ip High Quality Network]<br />
| rowspan=2 |<br />
* Offering VServers to customers<br />
* Offering PBVSC PHP Based Interface to administrate the vservers - PBVSC is back!<br />
* Running since Nov. 2003 stable (Various versions, first we started with vs1.0 now we have 1.22 and kernel 2.4.24 running stable)<br />
* We use VServer too as an alternative between the shared webhosting and serverhousing or rent dedicated server. Customers need a flexible and stable server surroundings and vserver from this projekt is the best we seen out there. Support and community plays hand in hand, not as any commercial products out there. Any other system servers are now in his own vserver on only one big server and it works great. Lower costs on server and therefore lower IT costing. Our IT leader and IT employee in private surroundings, test and use vserver with enthusiasm ;)<br />
|-<br />
| Germany<br />
|-<br />
! [http://www.traffic4all.com Traffic4All.com]<br />
| rowspan=2 |<br />
* Offering VServers to customers<br />
* Server: AMD Athlon(tm) XP 2800+ - 1,5 GB DDR Ram<br />
* Linux t4a3 2.4.23-vs1.22 #12 Thu Jan 1 16:11:12 CET 2004 i686 AMD Athlon(tm) XP 2800+ AuthenticAMD GNU/Linux<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! [http://www.infoteck.qc.ca Infoteck Internet]<br />
| rowspan=2 |<br />
* Offering VServers to customers<br />
* Servers: Multiple HP LH4 (4 x XEON) and LH6000 (6 x XEON) w/ 4Gb RAM per servers.<br />
* 1.2Tb of shared storage (RAID50)<br />
* Backbone: 2 x 100Mbps backbone (Dual homing/BGP)<br />
|-<br />
| Turkey<br />
|-<br />
! [http://www.natro.com Natro Web Hosting Services]<br />
| rowspan=2 |<br />
* Offering secure Virtual Dedicated Server environments on Debian & Ubuntu hosts with several choices of guests including control panel integration<br />
* Also providing linux hosting services on linux-vserver powered servers<br />
* Clustering of mission critical services<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! [http://www.omnis.com.tr Omnis Internet Services]<br />
| rowspan=2 |<br />
* We use it on our hosting servers, it gives extra security and managment for us.<br />
* It is life saver product.<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! [http://www.zylon.net/ Zylon Internet Services]<br />
| rowspan=2 |<br />
* We use it on our hosting servers to provide an extra layer of security for our customers.<br />
* We do not provide full vservers, we only provide 'standard' webhosting facilities.<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! [http://www.isp4p.net ISP4P]<br />
| rowspan=2 |<br />
* see also http://www.isp4player.net<br />
* Allround ISP 4 Professionals<br />
* Dedicated Server, Tower Housing, 19" Housing, Webhosting, vServer, vServer Reselling, Domains<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! [http://www.rootbash.com Nauck IT KG]<br />
(rootbash.com)<br />
| rowspan=2 |<br />
|-<br />
| Germany<br />
|-<br />
! [http://www.star-hosting.de Star-Hosting]<br />
| rowspan=2 |<br />
* see also http://www.vserver4free.de<br />
* Get dedicated Servers, vServers and many more services with a very high traffic-contingent!!<br />
|-<br />
| Germany<br />
|-<br />
! [http://www.planet-lab.org/ PlanetLab]<br />
| rowspan=2 |<br />
* PlanetLab is an open, globally distributed platform for developing, deploying and accessing planetary-scale network services.<br />
* PlanetLab nodes support both short-term experiments and long-running network services.<br />
* To date, more than 200 research projects at top academic institutions have used PlanetLab to experiment with such diverse topics as distributed storage, network mapping, peer-to-peer systems, distributed hash tables, and distributed query processing. See http://www.planet-lab.org/ for more details.<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! [http://www.dsvr.co.uk/ Designer Servers Ltd]<br />
| rowspan=2 |<br />
* Offering effective Linux vserver-protected hosting to web professionals in the UK and beyond.<br />
|-<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
|-<br />
! [http://www.rosehosting.com Rose Web Services L.L.C.]<br />
| rowspan=2 |<br />
* Founded in April 2001, located in St. Louis, Missouri, USA, Rose Hosting provides all kinds of hosting solutions, including [http://www.rosehosting.com Linux VPS Hosting], based on Linux-VServer Technology.<br />
|-<br />
| USA<br />
|-<br />
! [http://sandino.net/ Sandino Networks]<br />
| rowspan=2 |<br />
* Offering VServers to customers<br />
* Dual core servers hardened with GR Security <br />
* Choice of different operating systems: Gentoo, CentOS, Debian, Ubuntu, Slackware, Fedora....<br />
* Choice of different vserver sizes<br />
|-<br />
| México<br />
|-<br />
! [http://www.turnkeyinternet.net TurnKeyInternet.NET]<br />
| rowspan=2 |<br />
* Coast to Coast Datacenter replicated Linux Virtual Private Server packages that are fully mirrored providing 100% uptime.<br />
* Packages include fully managed service and support.<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! [http://www.smart-weblications.de Smart Weblications GmbH]<br />
| rowspan=2 |<br />
* vservers with RAID1 host systems<br />
* multihomed location in germany with 2x 1 Gbit uplink and 2x 100MBit backup.<br />
* Starting from 3.90 EUR / month for a 2 GB disk, 10 GB traffic vserver with 1 IP<br />
* this ISP also offers a large variety of dedicated servers and also offers server homing.<br />
|-<br />
| Germany<br />
|-<br />
! [http://www.cityservers.net/ CityServers.Net]<br />
Dedicated Servers<br />
| rowspan=2 |<br />
* Offering dedicated servers and economic Fedora vServers hosting to IT professionals in the EU.<br />
* Packages include fully managed service and support.<br />
|-<br />
| Poland<br />
|-<br />
! [http://www.vps2go.com/ VPS2GO]<br />
| rowspan=2 |<br />
* Currenly using the stable version but will be upgraded to new 2.6 kernel + vs2.0 soon. <br />
|-<br />
| Japan<br />
|-<br />
! [http://www.net-lab.net net-lab] <br />
vserver/web-hosting<br />
| rowspan=2 |<br />
* Currently run our first testing host on kernel 2.6 + vs2.0 is running. Server Location: Frankfurt, near DE-CIX.<br />
* Commercial offer for vserver accounts soon available.<br />
|-<br />
| Germany<br />
|-<br />
! [http://www.stepping-stone.ch stepping stone GmbH]<br />
| rowspan=2 |<br />
* Our whole ISP infrastructure (Mail, Web, Directories, ...) is built upon the 2.0 vServer series on the 2.6 Linux kernel, running Gentoo Linux.<br />
* We provide [http://www.stepping-stone.ch/en/products/vserver/linux-vserver-starter/ Gentoo and Debian vServers].<br />
* iptables/netfilter rules are implemented free of charge on the carrier as part of our service.<br />
* As a speciality, you can run [http://www.asterisk.org/ Asterisk] in our vServers! <br />
* Furthermore we're specialized in providing high availability solutions in combination with [[Welcome_to_Linux-VServer.org|Linux VServer]] and [http://www.drbd.org/ DRBD].<br />
|-<br />
| Switzerland<br />
|-<br />
! [http://www.vroutix.com vRoutix]<br />
| rowspan=2 |<br />
* Offering kernel 2.6 Vservers in Argentina. Compaq Xeon/Sun Ultrasparc Servers (with Raid1).<br />
* Very affordable prices.<br />
* Starter: Very low price !<br />
* Lite: Low end users<br />
* Standard: small bussiness<br />
* Pro: mid-size bussiness<br />
* Control panel to monitor your vServer performance, processes, storage, traffic, account data, etc.<br />
* vServers demo accounts for Free. Try out one of our vServers !!!.<br />
* Now with iptables support inside your vServer !!!<br />
|-<br />
| Argentina<br />
|-<br />
! [http://www.mpexnetworks.de MPeXnetworks] <br />
MPeX.net GmbH<br />
| rowspan=2 |<br />
* High performance virtual servers on RAID1 Hosts<br />
* Leistungsfähige virtuelle Server für Ihr Unternehmen.<br />
* MPeXnetworks is offering three vserver packets.<br />
* Our systems have a low customer density, resulting in more power for everyone.<br />
* Nagios monitoring and free e-mail notification is included.<br />
* All VServer offers include a 30 day money-back-guarantee.<br />
|-<br />
| Berlin/Germany<br />
|-<br />
! [http://www.sentiensystems.com SentienSystems]<br />
| rowspan=2 |<br />
* High performance, quality, and secure Virtual Private Servers<br />
* SentienSystems(.com/.net) proudly utilizes and promotes open source software such as Linux-VServer on the secure and performance-intensive Gentoo Linux platform.<br />
|-<br />
| Austin, Texas, USA<br />
|-<br />
! [http://new.pipni.cz/vindex.phtml PIPNI s.r.o]<br />
| rowspan=2 |<br />
* Linux 2.6 Vservers on Intel Xeon platform<br />
* Providing free and payed vServer hosting. Freehosting has no guarantee, payed are guaranted.<br />
* You can select from Slackware, Gentoo or Debian hosting.<br />
* Freehosting specs: 333 MHz CPU, 128 MB RAM, 2 GB HDD space, 10 GB traffic.<br />
|-<br />
| Czech Republic<br />
|-<br />
! [http://www.croup.de croup.de]<br />
crossmedia solutions<br />
| rowspan=2 |<br />
* We provide individual VServer installations for our customers in Germany using Gentoo Linux.<br />
|-<br />
| Germany<br />
|-<br />
! [http://hosting.media72.co.uk Media72 hosting]<br />
| rowspan=2 |<br />
* Red Hat Enterprise Linux solutions<br />
* We provide custom hosting solutions starting from £2.08 a year. Virus and spam protection as standard on all accounts.<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
|-<br />
! [http://www.centrodedatos.com Centrodedatos]<br />
Dedicated Servers / Colocation / Housing<br />
| rowspan=2 |<br />
* Dedicated Servers and Server Clusters based on Linux VServer. Totally personalized solutions.<br />
* Servidores Dedicados y Clusters de Servidores basados en Linux VServer. Soluciones a medida.<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| Spain - Barcelona.<br />
|-<br />
! [http://www.condalis.es Condalis]<br />
VPS and Shared Hosting<br />
| rowspan=2 |<br />
* Centos, Debian, Fedora, Gentoo, Mandrake, Redhat, Slackware, Suse, Ubuntu in your VPS Linux-VServer to web professionals in Spain.<br />
* Centos 5 + WHM/Cpanel + RVSkin + Fantastico available for Hosting resellers!<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| Spain - Barcelona.<br />
|-<br />
! [http://www.upfrontsystems.co.za/hosting/ploneserver Upfront Systems]<br />
| rowspan="2" |<br />
* Servers in Germany and South Africa<br />
* Debian stable hosts based on linux vserver<br />
* Dedicated (but not limited to) Zope and Plone hosting<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| South Africa<br />
|-<br />
! [http://www.notjusthosting.com NotJustHosting]<br />
NotJustHosting<br />
| rowspan="2" |<br />
* Servers in Germany<br />
* Debian stable hosts based on linux vserver, individual solutions<br />
* Fully managed and self-managed packages<br />
* Ruby on Rails, Zope<br />
|-<br />
| Germany - Berlin<br />
|-<br />
! [http://vege.net/vserver vege.net GmbH]<br />
web-hosting / vserver <br />
| rowspan="2" |<br />
* Linux VServer hosting including OpenVCP, DRBD, LVM snapshots<br />
* Servers located in Germany<br />
|-<br />
| Germany - Bremen<br />
|-<br />
<br />
! [http://www.netcup.de/vserver/ netcup vServer]<br />
| rowspan=2 |<br />
* Guaranteed CPU and RAM availability<br />
* Web-based account administration<br />
* On-the-fly web-based VServer configuration tools<br />
* Prepared Images with SysCP or Confixx<br />
* Rescue-System<br />
* Firewall<br />
* Backup- / Snapshot-System (Backup / Restore per Click)<br />
|-<br />
| Germany - Karlsruhe<br />
|-<br />
<br />
! [http://www.vserver.si Vserver.si]<br />
| rowspan="2" |<br />
* Virtual Private Servers<br />
* Managed Servers<br />
* Hosting<br />
* Domain registration<br />
* Colocation<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| Slovenia<br />
|- <br />
|}</div>Yanghttp://www.linux-vserver.org/Building_Guest_SystemsBuilding Guest Systems2009-01-22T07:54:40Z<p>Yang: Undo revision 3528 by 200.49.141.51 (Talk)</p>
<hr />
<div>== Building a guest ==<br />
<br />
There are three parts to the <code>vserver ... build</code> command. Each part is separated by <code>--</code>. The first part are generic vserver options, such as hostname, available IP-addresses, and context id. The second part is specific to the chosen build method (by <code>-m <method></code> in the first part). The third part is completely optional and only implemented for a few build methods. These are options passed directly to whatever application is used to build guest.<br />
<br />
There are a lot of options not covered here (yet). Use <code>vserver - build --help</code> to see them all.<br />
<br />
=== Building guests using the debootstrap build method ===<br />
'''''(applies to Debian, Ubuntu,...)'''''<br />
* Build a Debian lenny guest using the ftp.de.debian.org mirror.<br />
vserver vserver1 build \<br />
-m debootstrap --context 42 \<br />
--hostname vserver1.mydomain.com \<br />
--interface eth0:192.168.1.10/24 \<br />
-- -d lenny -m http://ftp.de.debian.org/debian<br />
lenny can be replaced by e.g. etch for Debian etch, edgy for Ubuntu edgy, or sid for Debian sid. Anything your debootstrap version can handle will be fine.<br />
<br />
If you want to build a 32-bit guest on a 64-bit host, append <code>-- --arch i386</code> to the above command line.<br />
<br />
=== Building guests using the yum build method ===<br />
'''''(applies to Fedora, Centos, RHEL,...)'''''<br />
* Make sure that your host system already has yum installed, preferably one that has been patched to work better with chroots.<br />
<br />
* Build a CentOS 5-based guest using a minimal set of packages.<br />
vserver vserver2 build -m yum --context 42 \<br />
--hostname vserver2.mydomain.com \<br />
--interface eth0:192.168.1.11/24 -- -d centos5<br />
centos5 can be replaced by e.g. f8 for Fedora 8, or fc6 for Fedora 6.<br />
<br />
If you want to build a 32-bit guest on a 64-bit, prepend <code>linux32</code> to this and subsequent yum commands.<br />
<br />
* If you want to manage the packages inside the guest, you will have to install some package management program(s) as well as internalize the RPM database. This can be achieved by<br />
vyum vserver2 -- install yum<br />
vserver vserver2 pkgmgmt internalize<br />
Internal package management means that commands such as rpm, yum and rpmbuild can be used from inside the guest, as opposed to requiring the host administrator to run vrpm or vyum. If you use rpmbuild, you'll need internal package management, or use --nodeps (but that's ''strongly'' discouraged).<br />
<br />
* Depending on your host's/guest's distribution, you may also need to do<br />
vserver vserver2 exec bash -c "rm -f /var/lib/rpm/__db*; rpm --rebuilddb"<br />
This is required if every rpm operation, for example ''rpm -qa'', complains about a database version mismatch.<br />
<br />
=== Building guests using the template build method ===<br />
'''''(applies to Gentoo,...)'''''<br />
<br />
A template is a file containing a complete guest filesystem. This can be a tar(1)ball, a cpio(1)-archive, or a dump(8). It can be compressed using either gzip or bzip2. Multiple templates can be used, to do e.g. guest-specific modifications.<br />
<br />
* Build a guest using a single template named stage4-i686-20070905.tar.bz2 located in /vservers/.templates.<br />
vserver vserver3 build -m template \<br />
--context 42 --hostname vserver3.mydomain.com \<br />
--interface eth0:192.168.1.12/24 \<br />
--initstyle gentoo -- -d gentoo \<br />
-t /vservers/.templates/stage4-i686-20070905.tar.bz2<br />
<br />
'''OR'''<br />
<br />
* Build a guest using multiple templates, one named stage4-i686-20070905.tar.bz2 and one named httpd.tar.bz2.<br />
vserver vserver3 build -m template \<br />
--context 42 --hostname vserver3.mydomain.com \<br />
--interface eth0:192.168.1.12/24 \<br />
--initstyle gentoo -- -d gentoo \<br />
-t /vservers/.templates/stage4-i686-20070905.tar.bz2 \<br />
-t /vservers/.templates/httpd.tar.bz2<br />
<br />
=== Building guests using the rsync build method ===<br />
<br />
The rsync build method can be used to move a guest from one system to another. It is preferable for most guest distributions if the source guest is stopped when you create a one based on it, but it's not strictly required.<br />
<br />
* Build a guest by rsync'ing from vserver3 on host1.<br />
RSYNC_RSH=ssh<br />
vserver vserver4 build -m rsync --context 42 \<br />
--hostname vserver4.mydomain.com \<br />
--interface eth0:192.168.1.13/24 \<br />
-- --source root@host1:/vservers/vserver3<br />
<br />
'''OR'''<br />
<br />
* Build a guest by rsync'ing from vserver1 on the same host.<br />
vserver vserver4 build -m rsync --context 42 --hostname vserver4.mydomain.com --interface eth0:192.168.1.13/24 -- --source vserver1<br />
<br />
=== Building guests using the clone build method ===<br />
<br />
The clone build method copies the filesystem from one guest to another, much like the rsync build method, but the thing that separates it is that it knows about unified/hashified files. This means that it only creates new links for such files, and copies the rest, which can lead to significantly speedier builds.<br />
<br />
* Build a guest by using vserver4 as a reference.<br />
vserver vserver5 build -m clone --hostname vserver5.mydomain.com --interface eth0:192.168.1.14/24 -- --source /vservers/vserver4<br />
<br />
== Post-build customization ==<br />
<br />
== Verifying guest functionality ==<br />
<br />
* Once the guest is built, it's time to start it.<br />
vserver vserverX start<br />
<br />
* At this point, you can use both<br />
vserver vserverX enter<br />
and<br />
vserver vserverX exec ...<br />
to do things inside the guest.<br />
<br />
* To stop it, simply use<br />
vserver vserverX stop<br />
<br />
== How to remove a screwed up vserver ==<br />
<br />
* To to remove a screwed up vserver<br />
vserver vserverX delete<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Installing Ubuntu on Debian]]<br />
* [[Installing 32-bit Fedora on 64-bit Debian]]</div>Yang